"the Energy-water Nexus: Exploring The Interplay Between Gas, Electricity, And Water Resources"

 "the Energy-water Nexus: Exploring The Interplay Between Gas, Electricity, And Water Resources" - Design and Analysis of Electricity Distribution Networks and Balancing Markets in the UK: A New Framework and Applications

Erratum: Ellegård, K. and Palm, J. Who Has Character? Energy Policy Consequences of Conceptual Confusion. Energy 2015, 8, 7618–7637

"the Energy-water Nexus: Exploring The Interplay Between Gas, Electricity, And Water Resources"

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Solar Desalination Ponds: A Solution To The Global Water Energy Nexus

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Co Exploring The Water Energy Food Nexus: Facilitating Dialogue Through Participatory Scenario Building

By Yuan Chang Yuan Chang Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, * , Guijun Li Guijun Li Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, Yuan Yao Yuan Yao Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2, Lixiao Zhang Lixiao Zhang Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 3 and Chang Yu Chang Yu Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 4

State Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Simulation and Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Received: 24 September 2015 / Revised: 5 January 2016 / Accepted: 14 January 2016 / Published: 22 January 2016

Water, energy, and food are lifelines for modern societies. The world's ever-increasing population, increasing aspirations for higher standards of living, and the inextricable links between these three sectors make the food-energy-water nexus (WEF) a research pursuit. With an integrated presentation of WEF systems, quantifying WEF linkages helps to understand interactions and trade across the water, energy and food sectors, and is therefore an important first step towards WEF linkage design and management. However, current WEF convergence calculations encounter methodological limitations. Also, the available computational results are scattered across a wide collection of studies in many disciplines, which increases the difficulty of data collection and interpretation. To advance robust estimation of WEF linkages and further contribute to the development and integrated management of WEF systems, this study: (i) summarizes estimation results to date on WEF linkages; (ii) analyzes the methodological and operational challenges associated with WEF integration calculations; and (iii) identifies opportunities to facilitate a more robust evaluation of the WEF relationship in the future.

Pdf) Energy Water Environment Nexus And The Transition Towards A Circular Economy: The Case Of Qatar

The challenges of energy and resources in turning society in a sustainable direction are great and urgent. Water, energy, and food are critical sectors for human well-being and social and economic sustainability. The need for sustainable development is due to the increase in the world's population and its need to increase living standards, which generates a large demand for water, energy and food. The United Nations estimates that the world's population will increase to approximately 10 billion by 2050 [1], of which approximately 4 billion will live in water-stressed basins [2]. Growth in global energy demand is relatively modest due to the widespread use of energy-efficient technologies and the transition of the world economy towards the service sector and light industry, but a 37% increase in demand by 2040 is still predicted [3 ].

Water-energy-food (WEF) systems are inherently antagonistic, and development in one sector usually drains resources in the other two sectors. Due to existing institutional arrangements (e.g., different government ministries), making important decisions about water, energy and food is often uncoordinated [4]. Too often, policy makers fail to consider sustainability challenges holistically and ignore the connections between WEF systems. Energy policies usually take a lot of water for potential energy solutions, but today's interconnected and changing world leaves little room for such fragmented governance. For example, China is estimated to have the largest shale gas reserves in the world, and the 2011 to 2015 shale gas development plan issued by the Chinese government estimates an annual shale gas production of 60 to 100 billion cubic meters. (bcm) by 2020 [ 5]. This production goal, however, was lowered to 30 bcm [6], one of the obstacles being the lack of access to water and its transportation cost [7], because water is used to a large extent by hydraulic fracturing activities.

The integration of the energy, water and food sectors affects the extent to which WEF security can be achieved simultaneously [4]. The WEF's relational approach is a holistic vision of sustainability that attempts to strike a balance between the different goals, interests, and needs of people and the environment (Figure 1). Concept testing to address WEF issues systematically dates back to Limits to Growth in the early 1970s [8]. The work developed a prospective model based on five critical growth factors—world population, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource scarcity—and presented an archetype of systems analysis for addressing sustainability challenges. In 2011, the World Economic Forum emphasized that the world's food, water and energy resources are already facing serious problems or shortages and will continue to do so in the next 20 years. The highly interconnected nature of the three issues requires relational solutions where water is at the center [9]. The Bonn Nexus conference predicted that global population growth and economic development would put pressure on water, energy, and food security, leading to resource depletion, degradation of ecosystem services, and irreversible social and environmental change, and thus threatening sustainable development [10]. They called for a collaborative approach in addressing the challenges of the WEF.

Quantifying the linkages between the energy, water and food sectors is an initial step towards an integrated design of WEF systems, which will further contribute to robust WEF security management. Existing studies have calculated the impact of various energy technologies (such as electricity generation technology), water production and distribution technology, and food products (such as grain, meat and beverages) on the three sectors. The calculations were at many levels, from global and national to local and urban, thus providing the basic criteria for the WEF's relationship building. A detailed analysis is presented in Section 2, Section 3 and Section 4. However, the quantifications of WEF linkages are still immature, have an inconsistent selection of impact indicators, different definitions of system boundaries, and the use of sub- up and down. In addition, the available results for the calculation of WEF correlations are scattered across a wide collection of studies in many disciplines, which increases the difficulty of data collection and interpretation. Therefore, in this study we summarize and analyze the results of WEF connectivity estimation to date, point out the methodological and practical challenges associated with WEF connectivity calculations, and shed light on opportunities for developing robust WEF connectivity estimation.

The Nexus Approach: An Introduction

Water is essential for the production, distribution and use of energy. In 2010, water withdrawal for energy production was estimated at 583 bcm, about 15% of the total world withdrawal, of which 66 bcm was used [11]. Existing hydropower integration studies primarily focus on calculating the water consumption of different energy productions.

Electric energy systems underpin successful modern societies. In the last few decades, the world's electricity production increased rapidly from 6129 TWh in 1973 to 22, 668 TWh in 2012 [12], and is expected to grow rapidly with increasing demand for basic electrical products and services [13]. . Despite the share of renewable energy in the increase in the world's energy supply in recent years, about 70% of today's electricity is still produced by thermoelectric power plants, leading to a heavy dependence on water resources. The water footprint (WF) of power plants is determined by their thermal efficiency, their access to heat sinks, and the cooling systems they use [11]. In general, there are two options for the cooling system for thermal power plants, once through and closed loop. A single-flow cooling system has high water removal but low water consumption, while a closed-loop cooling system has the opposite [14]. Alternative technologies include dry cooling, which uses air instead of water to process water, and hybrid cooling, which combines dry and wet technologies to enable less water use compared to wet systems while improving hot climate performance compared to conventional systems. dry [15] ]. However, since air is less efficient than cooling water, a dry cooling system means a decrease in fuel efficiency, reducing energy production by 1% to 7% on average [16, 17]. Furthermore, the initial and operating costs of dry cooling systems are higher (3-4 times) than wet systems [11, 18]. Therefore, choosing a cooling system for thermal power generation needs to involve a trade-off of water use, energy yield and economic cost. Economically developed regions with high stress on water resources should give priority to dryland technology.

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