"hydrogen As A Clean Energy Carrier: Prospects And Challenges In 2023"

"hydrogen As A Clean Energy Carrier: Prospects And Challenges In 2023" - October 8th marks the 4th annual National Hydrogen Day - a date that gives a nod to the atomic weight of hydrogen (1.008) and the increasing role hydrogen fuel plays nationally. Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) scientists work every day on research that produces, stores and uses hydrogen in a cleaner and even more efficient and affordable way.

Hydrogen fuel is considered a key component of an all-above energy portfolio and one of the fastest growing clean energy technologies. From zero emission fuel cell cars to clean, distributed energy production, hydrogen has a vital part to play in our secure and affordable energy future. During the last decade, and with funding and guidance from the US Department of Energy (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, hydrogen has already found traction in the market - today more than 5,300 commercial fuel. Cell vehicles are on the road along with about 40 publicly accessible hydrogen fueling stations, mostly in California.

"hydrogen As A Clean Energy Carrier: Prospects And Challenges In 2023"

Now that hydrogen fuel cell cars have found real-world applications, the race is on to optimize their performance and refine production and storage technologies to make hydrogen fuel applications, for zero-emission cars and beyond, even cleaner and more economically competitive.

Ready For The Next Step Towards The Belgian Hydrogen Economy

"We are really enabling the science behind the advances necessary to make hydrogen the widespread energy carrier of the future," said Adam Weber, leader of the Energy Conversion Group in Berkeley Lab's Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, and manager of the hydrogen and fuel. Cell Lab Program. "We are taking a systematic and holistic approach to advancing the science and understanding of hydrogen," he said.

Weber, a former Presidential Early Career Award recipient, explains that hydrogen research can be categorized using a "Make, Use, Store" paradigm. Their research on the "make" side of the paradigm is conducted through the HydroGen consortium, their "store" research through the HyMARC consortium, and their "use" research through the FC-PAD consortium - all three collaborations of US national laboratory researchers, academics, and industry, with a focus on concentrating expertise from DOE's national laboratory assets to advance hydrogen research.

For example, on the production side, since hydrogen is not readily available terrestrially in pure form, the "Make" part of the "Make, Use, Store" paradigm is focused on advancing hydrogen fuel technology by finding better ways to fuel it. to produce. Currently, hydrogen is mainly produced by extracting it from natural gas. Berkeley Lab Research Scientist Nemanja Danilovic manages the day-to-day activities on projects that create benchmarks and protocols to standardize the production side of hydrogen fuel research as well as develop materials that advance technologies that produce hydrogen fuel from water.

"Water splitting is one of the cleanest ways to make hydrogen, and one of the most promising areas of research," said Danilovic. "It's exciting that we're already starting to see advanced materials coming out of our early-stage hydrogen fuel production research, so we can move the technology forward." Fast and accurate sensors will be crucial in a sustainable society where hydrogen is an energy carrier. Hydrogen gas is produced by splitting water with the help of electricity from wind energy or solar energy. The sensors are needed both when the hydrogen is produced and when it is used, for example in cars powered by a fuel cell. To prevent the formation of flammable and explosive gas when hydrogen is mixed with air, hydrogen sensors must detect leaks quickly. Credit: Yen Strandqvist/Chalmers University of Technology

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Hydrogen is a clean and renewable energy carrier that can power vehicles, with water as the only emission. Unfortunately, hydrogen gas is highly flammable when mixed with air, so very efficient and effective sensors are needed. Now, researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, present the first ever hydrogen sensors to meet the future performance goals for use in hydrogen-powered vehicles.

. The discovery is an optical nanosensor encapsulated in a plastic material. The sensor works on the basis of an optical phenomenon - a plasmon - which occurs when metal nanoparticles are illuminated and capture visible light. The sensor simply changes color when the amount of hydrogen in the environment changes.

The plastic around the small sensor is not only for protection, but functions as a key component. It increases the response time of the sensor by accelerating the uptake of the hydrogen gas molecules into the metal particles where they can be detected. At the same time, the plastic acts as an effective barrier to the environment, preventing any other molecules from entering and deactivating the sensor. The sensor can therefore operate both highly efficiently and undisturbed, allowing it to meet the stringent demands of the automotive industry - to be able to detect 0.1 percent hydrogen in the air in less than a second.

"We have not only developed the fastest hydrogen sensor in the world, but also a sensor that is stable over time and does not deactivate. Unlike today's hydrogen sensors, our solution does not need to be recalibrated as often because it is protected by plastic is," says Ferry Nugroho, researcher in the Department of Physics at Chalmers.

The Safe Use Of Hydrogen As An Energy Carrier

It was during his time as a doctoral student that Ferry Nugroho and his supervisor Christoph Langhammer realized they were on to something big. After reading a scientific article stating that no one had yet succeeded in meeting the strict response time requirements for hydrogen sensors for future hydrogen cars, they tested their own sensor. They realized they were only one second off the target - without even trying to optimize it. The plastic, originally intended primarily as a barrier, did the job better than they could have imagined by making the sensor faster as well. The discovery led to an intensive period of experimental and theoretical work.

"In that situation, there was no stopping us. We wanted to find the ultimate combination of nanoparticles and plastic, understand how they worked together and what made it so fast. Our hard work brought results. Within just a few months, we achieved the required response time as well as the fundamental theoretical understanding of what it facilitates", says Ferry Nugroho.

Discovering hydrogen is challenging in many ways. The gas is invisible and odorless, but volatile and extremely flammable. It requires only four percent hydrogen in the air to produce oxygen gas, sometimes known as explosive gas, which ignites at the smallest spark. In order for hydrogen cars and the related infrastructure of the future to be sufficiently safe, it must therefore be possible to detect extremely small amounts of hydrogen in the air. The sensors must be fast enough that leaks can be detected quickly before a fire occurs.

"It feels great to present a sensor that can hopefully be part of a major breakthrough for hydrogen-powered vehicles. The interest we see in the fuel cell industry is inspiring," says Christoph Langhammer, professor in the Chalmers Department of Physics .

World's Fastest Hydrogen Sensor Could Pave The Way For Clean Hydrogen Energy

Although it is mainly about using hydrogen as an energy carrier, the sensor also offers other possibilities. Highly efficient hydrogen sensors are needed in the power grid, chemical and nuclear power industries, and can also help improve medical diagnostics.

"The amount of hydrogen gas in our breath can provide answers to, for example, inflammations and food intolerances. We hope that our results can be used on a broad front. This is so much more than a scientific publication," says Christoph Langhammer.

In the long term, the hope is that the sensor can be manufactured in series in an efficient way, for example with 3D printing technology. Why LNG Can Be a First Step in East Asia's Energy Transition to a Low Carbon Economy: Evaluation of Challenges Using Game Theory

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Harnessing The Power Of Hydrogen For Clean Energy

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