"student Loan Policy Influences: Political And Socioeconomic Factors In Australia"

 "student Loan Policy Influences: Political And Socioeconomic Factors In Australia" - The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022 Chapter 4 ASSISTANCE To restore legal support for food and agriculture to improve the value of healthy food.

The extent to which efforts to restore food security and agriculture will be successful will depend on the political economy, governance and motivation of stakeholders at the local, national and global level. Broadly speaking, people

"student Loan Policy Influences: Political And Socioeconomic Factors In Australia"

Refers to the social, economic, cultural and political factors that organize, support and change the constellation of public and private, and their interests and relationships, over time. This includes corporate governance, the "rules of the game" that affect the day-to-day policy making process and its organization. make decisions.329,330

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Political economy affects the types of political and institutional changes and governance types necessary to enable and sustain sustainable food and agriculture. At the same time, the political economy situation can hinder the reinvestment of support efforts and results for the promotion of the energy of healthy food.

Therefore, it is very important to understand the political economy and the factors that play a role in action and to implement measures to ensure that recovery efforts achieve their goals.

Governments, institutions, interests and ideology are the driving forces that influence the sustainability of food and agriculture policies.

In addition, to ensure that the revised policy has met its objectives, monitoring and evaluation of the revised policy's validity is key. It promotes transparency and accountability during the process and can be a good driver for supporting policy change in the long term.

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The methods and procedures for handling these are shown in Figure 25 and are reviewed in detail in the following sections.

The extent to which food recovery and agricultural support can be achieved depends on the context of each country, including political leadership, welfare, ideology and motivation, among other factors. For example, the degree of agricultural security often depends on the level of political and economic competition within a country.

Without the political motivation and opportunity to support this process, any policy change will be a challenge to implement and sustain in practice.

Also, in many country contexts, breakdowns in the governance structure can lead to a gap between policy expectations and outcomes.

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Recent global discussions, such as those under the auspices of the United Nations Food Systems Summit and COP26 for climate change in 2021, and the increase in the need for public health and environmental sustainability, provides a unique opportunity for a great deal of support. .

Recent discussions on agricultural policy changes in the European Union ("Farm to Fork" policy) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (new agricultural tax) have emphasized the need to consider the health and environment of production food as the public is demanding. These goods will be prepared. A "public financing for public goods" approach can provide support for nutrition that is important for public health and environmental and political sustainability more than previous production methods.

Of course, the political situation differs between countries. In HIC, food security and agriculture have been high compared to the small part of the agricultural sector with high GDP and employment rates. For example, the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy took up about 35 percent of the European Union's budget in 2020.

Many LICs often have the financial capacity to provide food and agriculture support in the form of subsidies, therefore, support to producers in these countries often includes border control and trade, which is as described in Chapter 3, does not require the government to pay. On the contrary, reforming border controls may come at the cost of lost business revenue to the government. Differences in political priorities and challenges in each context can influence whether governments will promote recovery efforts to their extent.

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There are several theories that lead into the cropping process that makes resilience difficult. For example, in Asia and the Pacific, nutrition is seen as a priority, while in East and Southern Africa, access to food is seen as a major challenge. in the cropping system.

LICs and MICs are at different stages of nutrition transition than high-income countries - many LICs and MICs are switching from traditional diets to diets with more nutritious foods promoted by and global market penetration in energy markets, while in HICs, processed foods are highly concentrated. Consumption is integrated as part of the food system of the people.196, 338 The conflict in this situation and inequality affects every government motivation, political decision and the necessary way to restore policies.

In addition, the current budget restrictions in many countries of the world make reconstruction necessary to achieve these development goals without compromising economic recovery. Therefore, governments have an important role to play in defining the winning content of reactive support efforts, which can provide answers to the goals and interests of all stakeholders.

Food and agriculture policy support is the result of a complex decision-making process that is integrated and influenced by different goals and interests. These processes include the establishment of coalitions, trade between interests, changing or preventing changes in the law to make decisions, finding ways and means, or defeating legal options by blocking available means, granting or preventing the implementation of laws. , and to see that the volume or discrimination between actors. and one. Their success will depend on the strength of the various groups in favor of or against the change.

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Data gaps in policy support related to food processing, distribution, and supply often hinder analysis of how the support system itself may contribute to the dynamics of the supply chain. In addition, different sectors within a country or region often have different priorities in marketing. These conflicts between the goals of different sectors can lead to the lack of legal agreement necessary to use available resources efficiently339, 340 and achieve affordable healthy food for all while at the same time ensure sustainable use of natural resources and climate resilience. change.

For example, a study conducted in the Pacific Islands shows that there are conflicting views on policy-making when it comes to food-related NCDs due to conflicts of interest. Although the government has identified policy intervention options, implementation has been slow due to differing understandings and priorities. For example, there is a discrepancy between the importance of public health and reducing imports of highly processed foods and support for increased marketing,

Efforts to restore sustainable production and marketing of nutritious food can be challenged by the capacity of the agricultural industry at the food input level. Companies and companies play a major role in the production, processing and distribution of food products. For example, in the mid-2000s, it was estimated that four large companies controlled 70 to 90 percent of the global grain market. This attention was seen together with the increased production of key inputs for the food industry, such as raw sugar and vegetable oil.

In fact, those who act in the food industry are often influenced and involved in creating public policy or oppose the science that supports this process,

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As they challenge policymakers, make political contributions, debate policies, adopt private laws to prevent and delay government work (constitutional reform), implement social media the public, and more.

For example, beverage industry spending in the United States of America on promotional activities rose to USD 60 million in 2009, the same year that the soda tax was proposed. federal government. This number has remained high ever since.

In South Africa, there is evidence that the private sector is involved in legal challenges or business-related complaints related to food and drink policy.

As in other countries, the government's efforts to introduce regulations may face challenges because the proposed measures may conflict with trade agreements. For example, 245 referrals were made to the WTO by exporting member countries between 1995 and 2019 for the marketing of breast milk. of food labeling laws, sometimes the ministry and the company argue in accordance with the company's position during the discussion of the plan in the meeting.

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Such challenges contribute to policy inertia and create "legal costs" that prevent national governments from taking action to restore food and agriculture systems.347, 349

The influence of the food industry extends to global governance, for example, the regulation of international food standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Section 4.2). Actors in the food industry have stirred up influence on the Codex system and food labeling on the front of the package

The food industry's response to WHO research and food-related NCD policy has promoted voluntary or non-statutory approaches rather than regulatory measures.

Retail is another sector that can be leveraged to influence back-to-back support efforts. Inside

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